1	History of Cartography
2	History of Cartography Sequence of development Cartography in China Cartography in Europe Impact of changing ideas Impact of changing technology Information age mapping
3	Sequence of Development Evolution - the ladder concept. “Missing links” - gaps in development. Revolution - the tree concept. Each revolution leads to a new map type. Map types develop in evolutionary fashion, until the next revolutionary change occurs.
4	Cartographic Development
5	Cartographic Revolution and Evolution
6	Early Development Nobody knows when the first map was made. Principles of cartography were understood as early as 2500 BC. When Babylonians drew maps on clay tablets.
7	Early Mesopotamian Map of the World
8	A Map From Ancient Egypt
9	Cartography in China Astronomical knowledge existed in Shang (商) Dynasty, 11th century B.C. “Fragment on Maps” 480-100 B.C. Three maps made in Han (漢) Dynasty (2nd century B.C.) were discovered. In a tomb (長沙馬王堆漢墓). made in silk. one topographic map focused on military matters: streams, roads, mountain ranges, names, scale and orthogonal view point.
10	An Over 2000 Year Old Map
11	Cartography in China (Cont.) The first compass was invented in China. 司南(戰國, 453-221 B.C.). was not widely used until North Song Dynasty (北宋, 960-1126 A.D.) when the artificial magnetisation was invented. introduced to Europe in 12th century. Paper-making was invented in 105 A.D., East Han Dynasty (東漢, 25-220 A.D.). The first printing of map 1155 A.D. (South Song Dynasty: 南宋, 1127-1279, 300 years before Europe).
12	The Ancient Compass
13	Ancient Mechanic Devices
14	The Earliest Paper Map
15	The Earliest Printed Map
16	Cartography in Europe Aristotle (384-322 B.C.): Earth is a sphere. Ptolemy (90-160 A.D.): Geographia. Development in medieval period (the “dark age”) was limited, except the sudden appearance in 13th century of “portolan charts”.
17	Ancient Greece
18	The Roman Empire
19	Typology of mappae mundi
20	The Ebstorf Map
21	Cartography in Europe (Cont.) The renaissance in western cartography (later half of 1500s) beginning of printing (1450) Great Discovery (e.g. Columbus) led to more accurate maps topographic survey (France) at 1:86,400 completed in 1800 The introduction of metric system (Napoleon) 1 metre = 1/10,000,000 part of the arc distance from the equator to the pole
22	Cartography in Europe (Cont.) The rise of thematic maps Until 18th century, most maps are general maps and charts From late 17th century, thematic maps began to appear The growth of modern cartography since 19th century with the inventions of photography and computers
23	Impact of Changing Ideas Concept of representation Early maps: more figurative than literal Geometry Shape and size of the earth Locational reference system Reconciling conflicting information Church maps
24	Figurative Maps
25	The Map Based on Ptolemy's Descriptions
26	Impact of Changing Ideas (Cont.) Science and measurement the concept of order: cause-effect relations chance (or probability) Enlightenment - positional accuracy Concept of distribution place - general reference maps space - the spatial extent and variation of features - the idea of distribution thematic maps
27	Early Survey in France
28	Impact of Changing Ideas (Cont.) Systems/ecological thinking ecological model: view the environment as a system of interrelated processes systems approach cartographic modelling: environmental phenomena are selected, weighted by importance, and linked together to form a numerical index
29	Impact of Changing Technology Manual: mappae mundi and portolan charts - hand drawing Magnetic: compass and magnetic media Mechanical: machine process and printing Optical: telescopic sighting instruments and projection, optical media Photo-chemical: photogrammetry Electronic: computer process
30	Impact of Changing Technology
31	Manual Technology
32	Mechanical Technology
33	Information Age Mapping Information age. Information. Information systems. Geographical information systems (GIS). Maps play a key role in GIS. GIS are crucial in modern mapping.
34	Mapping With GIS