History of Cartography

Sequence of development

Cartography in China

Cartography in Europe

Impact of changing ideas

Impact of changing technology

Information age mapping

Sequence of Development

Evolution - the ladder concept.

“Missing links” - gaps in development.

Revolution - the tree concept.

Each revolution leads to a new map type.

Map types develop in evolutionary fashion, until the next revolutionary change occurs.

Cartographic Revolution and Evolution

Early Development

Nobody knows when the first map was made.

Principles of cartography were understood as early as 2500 BC. When Babylonians drew maps on clay tablets.

Early Mesopotamian Map of the World

A Map From Ancient Egypt

Cartography in China

Astronomical knowledge existed in Shang (商) Dynasty, 11th century B.C.

“Fragment on Maps” 480-100 B.C.

Three maps made in Han (漢) Dynasty (2nd century B.C.) were discovered.

In a tomb (長沙馬王堆漢墓).

made in silk.

one topographic map focused on military matters: streams, roads, mountain ranges, names, scale and orthogonal view point.

An Over 2000 Year Old Map

Cartography in China (Cont.)

The first compass was invented in China.

司南(戰國, 453-221 B.C.).

was not widely used until North Song Dynasty (北宋, 960-1126 A.D.) when the artificial magnetisation was invented.

introduced to Europe in 12th century.

Paper-making was invented in 105 A.D., East Han Dynasty (東漢, 25-220 A.D.).

The first printing of map 1155 A.D. (South Song Dynasty: 南宋, 1127-1279, 300 years before Europe).

The Ancient Compass

Ancient Mechanic Devices

The Earliest Paper Map

The Earliest Printed Map

Cartography in Europe

Aristotle (384-322 B.C.): Earth is a sphere.

Ptolemy (90-160 A.D.): Geographia.

Development in medieval period (the “dark age”) was limited, except the sudden appearance in 13th century of “portolan charts”.

Ancient Greece

The Roman Empire

Typology of mappae mundi

The Ebstorf Map

Cartography in Europe (Cont.)

The renaissance in western cartography (later half of 1500s)

beginning of printing (1450)

Great Discovery (e.g. Columbus) led to more accurate maps

topographic survey (France) at 1:86,400 completed in 1800

The introduction of metric system (Napoleon)

1 metre = 1/10,000,000 part of the arc distance from the equator to the pole

Cartography in Europe (Cont.)

The rise of thematic maps

Until 18th century, most maps are general maps and charts

From late 17th century, thematic maps began to appear

The growth of modern cartography since 19th century with the inventions of photography and computers

Impact of Changing Ideas

Concept of representation

Early maps: more figurative than literal

Geometry

Shape and size of the earth

Locational reference system

Reconciling conflicting information

Church maps

Figurative Maps

The Map Based on Ptolemy's Descriptions

Impact of Changing Ideas (Cont.)

Science and measurement

the concept of order: cause-effect relations

chance (or probability)

Enlightenment - positional accuracy

Concept of distribution

place - general reference maps

space - the spatial extent and variation of features - the idea of distribution

thematic maps

Early Survey in France

Impact of Changing Ideas (Cont.)

Systems/ecological thinking

ecological model: view the environment as a system of interrelated processes

systems approach

cartographic modelling: environmental phenomena are selected, weighted by importance, and linked together to form a numerical index

Impact of Changing Technology

Manual: mappae mundi and portolan charts - hand drawing

Magnetic: compass and magnetic media

Mechanical: machine process and printing

Optical: telescopic sighting instruments and projection, optical media

Photo-chemical: photogrammetry

Electronic: computer process

Impact of Changing Technology

Manual Technology

Mechanical Technology

Information Age Mapping

Information age.

Information.

Information systems.

Geographical information systems (GIS).

Maps play a key role in GIS.

GIS are crucial in modern mapping.

Mapping With GIS


	Sequence of development
	Cartography in China
	Cartography in Europe
	Impact of changing ideas
	Impact of changing technology
	Information age mapping


	Evolution - the ladder concept.
		“Missing links” - gaps in development.
	Revolution - the tree concept.
		Each revolution leads to a new map type.
		Map types develop in evolutionary fashion, until the next revolutionary change occurs.


	Nobody knows when the first map was made.
	Principles of cartography were understood as early as 2500 BC. When Babylonians drew maps on clay tablets.


	Astronomical knowledge existed in Shang (商) Dynasty, 11th century B.C.
	“Fragment on Maps” 480-100 B.C.
	Three maps made in Han (漢) Dynasty (2nd century B.C.) were discovered.
		In a tomb (長沙馬王堆漢墓).
		made in silk.
		one topographic map focused on military matters: streams, roads, mountain ranges, names, scale and orthogonal view point.


	The first compass was invented in China.
		司南(戰國, 453-221 B.C.).
		was not widely used until North Song Dynasty (北宋, 960-1126 A.D.) when the artificial magnetisation was invented.
		introduced to Europe in 12th century.
	Paper-making was invented in 105 A.D., East Han Dynasty (東漢, 25-220 A.D.).
	The first printing of map 1155 A.D. (South Song Dynasty: 南宋, 1127-1279, 300 years before Europe).


	Aristotle (384-322 B.C.): Earth is a sphere.
	Ptolemy (90-160 A.D.): Geographia.
	Development in medieval period (the “dark age”) was limited, except the sudden appearance in 13th century of “portolan charts”.


	The renaissance in western cartography (later half of 1500s)
		beginning of printing (1450)
		Great Discovery (e.g. Columbus) led to more accurate maps
		topographic survey (France) at 1:86,400 completed in 1800
	The introduction of metric system (Napoleon)
		1 metre = 1/10,000,000 part of the arc distance from the equator to the pole


	The rise of thematic maps
		Until 18th century, most maps are general maps and charts
		From late 17th century, thematic maps began to appear
	The growth of modern cartography since 19th century with the inventions of photography and computers


	Concept of representation
		Early maps: more figurative than literal
	Geometry
		Shape and size of the earth
		Locational reference system
	Reconciling conflicting information
		Church maps


	Science and measurement
		the concept of order: cause-effect relations
		chance (or probability)
		Enlightenment - positional accuracy
	Concept of distribution
		place - general reference maps
		space - the spatial extent and variation of features - the idea of distribution
		thematic maps


	Systems/ecological thinking
		ecological model: view the environment as a system of interrelated processes
		systems approach
		cartographic modelling: environmental phenomena are selected, weighted by importance, and linked together to form a numerical index


	Manual: mappae mundi and portolan charts - hand drawing
	Magnetic: compass and magnetic media
	Mechanical: machine process and printing
	Optical: telescopic sighting instruments and projection, optical media
	Photo-chemical: photogrammetry
	Electronic: computer process


	Information age.
	Information.
	Information systems.
	Geographical information systems (GIS).
	Maps play a key role in GIS.
	GIS are crucial in modern mapping.